承接阿爾布瓦克斯的洞見,德國文化研究學者楊及阿萊達‧阿斯曼夫婦(Jan and Aleida Assmann)把集體記憶的概念擴充至文化層面。 2阿斯曼認為,人不但透過社群交往中的語言符號,分享和傳遞記憶,也會建立文化客體/符號作為載體,把記憶保存和承傳。所謂文化客體,形式十分多元,可包括文本、圖像、建築物、景觀、詩歌、儀式、紀念碑或紀念日等等。眾多研究顯示,社群交往記憶大概三代以後就無以為繼,能否承傳下去,取決於能否成功過渡為文化記憶。過程中,集體經驗要先轉變為「去肉身」(disembodied)形式,繼而需要人類組織體制來保存並使它們「再體現」(re-embodiment)。例如,歷史經歷需要紀錄人員蒐集、整理為檔案,再經歷史學者考究,探討前因後果,論證及表達歷史觀點;這些資料和觀點再經編撰,就成為歷史課本,由教師授予不曾親身經歷這些事件的學生,讓共同過去的記憶得以在後世群體中再體現。當一個群體把它的團結和獨特性建立在對某些客體化文化的認識之上,並從中引伸出培育和規範力量,群體的文化身分便可確立傳承。
1/ Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory(1925), ed. and trans. Lewis A. Coser (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992). 2/ Jan Assmann, “Communicative and Cultural Memory”, in Cultural Memory Studies: An International and Interdisciplinary Handbook, eds Astrid Erll & Ansgar Nünning (New York & Berlin: De Gruyter, 2008) 109–118; “Communicative and Cultural Memory”, in Cultural Memories: The Geographical Point of View, eds Peter Meusburger, Michael Hefferman, Edgar Wunder (Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New York: Springer, 2011) 15–27; “Collective Memory and Cultural Identity”, New German Critique 65 (Spring – Summer 1995) 125–133; Aleida Assmann, “Memory, Individual and Collective”, in The Oxford Handbook of Contextual Political Analysis, eds Robert E. Goodin and Charles Tilly (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006) 210–224; “Transformations between History and Memory”, Social Research 75 No. 1 (Spring 2008) 49–72; “Canon and Archive”, in Cultural Memory Studies: An International and Interdisciplinary Handbook, eds Astrid Erll & Ansgar Nünning (New York & Berlin: De Gruyter, 2008) 97–107. 3/ Aleida Assmann, “Transformations between History and Memory” 57–58, 64–66; Jan Assmann, “Communicative and Cultural Memory” (2008) 114–116. 4/ Aleida Assmann, “Canon and Archive” 103–105; “Memory, Individual and Collective” 220–221. 5/ Aleida Assmann, “Memory, Individual and Collective” 210–212, 219; “Transformations between History and Memory” 54,61-63; 陳宥喬〈德國歷史教育(一):面對轉型正義,歷史課本永遠需要修訂〉,載於 The News Lens (https://www.thenewslens.com/article/113708);〈德國歷史教育(二):從「加害者」角度介紹納綷血淚史〉,載於 The News Lens (https://www.thenewslens.com/article/113709);〈德國歷史教育(三):誠實的記憶,是今日身分認同的基石〉,載於 The News Lens (https://www.thenewslens.com/article/113710),於2020年8月13日引用。 6/ Jan Assmann, “Communicative and Cultural Memory” (2011) 24–25; Aleida Assmann, “Memory, Individual and Collective” 221.
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